Integrated nutritional–inflammatory and frailty-based model for mortality risk stratification following hip fracture surgery: a multicentre cohort study

An integrated nutritional-inflammatory and frailty-based approach, incorporating the CALLY and GINI indices derived from routine laboratory parameters, offers clinically meaningful improvement in mortality risk stratification after hip-fracture surgery. While multicollinearity limits coefficient interpretability, excellent calibration and improved risk reclassification support clinical utility. Threshold optimization (0.30-0.35) is recommended to maximize sensitivity for screening purposes. Prospective validation and nutrition-targeted interventional studies are warranted.