Assessing Boswellia papyrifera population structure and frankincense harvesting practices in Metema District, Northwest Ethiopia

Dry forests in Ethiopia, spanning 55 million hectares, are vital for local livelihoods through resin resources, particularly frankincense from Boswellia papyrifera. However, unsustainable harvesting, compounded by socio-economic pressures and limited regeneration, has led to a significant population decline. This study, conducted in Ethiopia's Metema District, examines the ecological status of Boswellia papyrifera and compares harvesting practices between cooperatives and private enterprises to identify management sustainability challenges. A forest inventory utilized 22 plots (400 m2 each) and a survey was administered to 80 harvesters selected by stratified random sampling. The chi-squared test and the independent samples t-test were applied for categorical and continuous variables respectively. The population structure showed a marked instability and limited regeneration potential. Tree density of Boswellia papyrifera was significantly higher in cooperative forests (146.6 stems/ha) than in private concessions (126.57 stems/ha) (p = 0.010). Private sector harvesters exhibited significantly more damaging practices, including a higher proportion of tapping small trees (DBH < 15 cm), lower tapping height, and more dead trees, suggesting a focus on short-term gain over ecological preservation. Specifically, 65% of private sector trees had over 12 tapping spots, compared to 25.1% in the cooperative sector (p = 0.004). Furthermore, 86% of private tappers reported not allowing trees to rest (p = 0.001). The commercial sector's intensive practices and harvesters' limited knowledge (only 42.9% of private employees formally trained) are major obstacles. To ensure the long-term survival of Boswellia papyrifera, we recommend strict enforcement of harvesting quotas, mandatory training for private sector tappers, and the establishment of statutory resting periods for tapped trees.