Government Funding for Sustainable and Green Infrastructure in Indian Higher Education Institutions: A Policy–Impact Assessment under SDG and NEP 2020 Frameworks

Sustainable and green infrastructure in higher education institutions (HEIs) has emerged as a critical driver for environmental responsibility, resource efficiency, and innovation in India. With the rapid expansion of the Indian higher education sector, the demand for campus infrastructure is increasing, raising concerns about energy consumption, carbon emissions, and ecological impact. Government funding has become a pivotal mechanism to promote sustainable infrastructure, encompassing energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy systems, water conservation, waste management, and smart digital campuses. This paper examines the scope, mechanisms, and effectiveness of government funding for sustainable and green infrastructure in Indian HEIs. Using a qualitative policy analysis approach, supported by secondary data from Ministry of Education reports, UGC guidelines, HEFA financing schemes, and RUSA grants, the study evaluates the alignment of funding models with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Findings indicate that government support has facilitated notable improvements in green campus initiatives and renewable energy adoption, though challenges persist in funding distribution, institutional capacity, and long-term sustainability. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to strengthen financing models, encourage public–private partnerships, and ensure that Indian HEIs transition towards environmentally sustainable and resilient campuses.