Tuominjian decoction reduces the proportion of Tfh cells and B-cells in immune infertility male mice by regulating the seminal plasma levels of IL-1 and IL-6

TMJ mitigates MII in mice by promoting structural recovery of reproductive tissues, reinforcing the blood-testis barrier, and modulating immune responses through suppression of Tfh cells, B cells, and proinflammatory cytokines. These findings highlight immunoregulation as a promising therapeutic strategy for MII.