The Four-Dimensional Capacity Theory and its Five-Dimensional Dynamic Energy Extension (4DCT–5DDE)

This paper proposes a unified geometric theory in which motion, time, gravity, and dark energy emerge from intrinsic “capacities” embedded in a four-dimensional spacetime lattice with a five-dimensional energy extension. Motion is redefined as capacity redistribution rather than displacement, yielding a natural decomposition of velocity and a geometric origin for curvature and cosmic acceleration. The framework offers a higher-dimensional, capacity-based foundation for relativistic and cosmological phenomena.