Cryogenic to beyond Curie temperature dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystals under alternate and direct current poling

This study investigated the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of [001] oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) piezoelectric single crystals at cryogenic temperatures using alternating current poling (ACP) and direct current poling (DCP). The test data showed that ACP samples maintained superior properties in both dielectric constant (ε33T/ε0) and piezoelectric coefficient (d33) over DCP from 10 K until the rhombohedral–monoclinic/tetragonal transition temperature of ∼365 K. The results highlight the resilience of the ACP PMN–PT single crystals and offer insights into their application as high-performance sensors and actuators in cryogenic environments.