Dual-Level Ureteral Obstruction in Children: A Systematic Review Highlighting Diagnostic Challenges and Optimal Surgical Strategy

<b>Background:</b> Ipsilateral concomitant ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction is an uncommon but clinically important pediatric condition. Because standard imaging often detects only one level of obstruction, the coexistence of both lesions is frequently overlooked. Delayed diagnosis may result in persistent hydronephrosis, recurrent urinary tract infections, and progressive renal injury. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence regarding diagnostic challenges, management strategies, and outcomes in children with dual UPJ-UVJ obstruction. <b>Methods:</b> A systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted and prospectively registered in PROSPERO. Major databases were searched for studies describing pediatric patients with confirmed ipsilateral UPJ + UVJ obstruction. Extracted data included clinical presentation, diagnostic pathways, imaging modalities, timing of diagnosis, surgical sequencing, and postoperative outcomes. <b>Results:</b> Across the 8 included studies, preoperative recognition of dual obstruction was uncommon. Most cases were diagnosed intraoperatively when retrograde stent passage failed or postoperatively when hydronephrosis persisted after an apparently adequate first procedure. Retrograde or antegrade pyelography consistently outperformed ultrasonography and diuretic renography in identifying distal pathology. Staged repair-typically beginning with pyeloplasty-emerged as the most reliable approach, as correction of the proximal obstruction alone frequently improved distal drainage. UVJ-first strategies were less effective and often required secondary pyeloplasty. Endoscopic and minimally invasive techniques showed promise in selected patients but were reported in limited numbers with short follow-up. Functional renal outcomes generally stabilized or improved following complete correction, particularly when intervention occurred early in life. <b>Conclusions:</b> Dual UPJ-UVJ obstruction remains a diagnostic challenge in pediatric urology. Complementing standard imaging with contrast pyelography and maintaining vigilance during intraoperative stent placement can improve detection. Available reports suggest that a staged proximal-first surgical strategy can optimize drainage and reduce the risk of unnecessary distal reconstruction. Early intervention appears beneficial for renal recovery, though long-term outcomes remain insufficiently studied. Ongoing follow-up is essential, particularly in children with recurrent urinary tract infections or persistent hydronephrosis.