The optimal combinations of frequency and volume for improving physical performance, cognitive function and mental health in old individuals with possible sarcopenia: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

Sarcopenia is an age-related disease characterized primarily by reduced muscle mass, decreased muscle strength, and/or impaired physical performance, which is closely associated with increased risks of falls, fractures, cognitive decline, and mortality. Although resistance training has been proven effective for sarcopenia, the optimal dosage regimen (training volume × frequency) for possible sarcopenia remains unclear. This is the study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. 111 community-dwelling older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) with possible sarcopenia will be recruited and randomly allocated into three groups (n = 37 per group): high-frequency low-volume (5 sessions/week, 6 sets/session), low-frequency high-volume (3 sessions/week, 10 sets/session), and control group (no intervention). Supervised by a single coach, the 12-week resistance training program incorporates make-up sessions to ensure adherence. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Primary outcome is handgrip strength. Secondary outcomes encompass the Timed Up and Go Test, 10-meter walking speed, the Montreal cognitive assessments, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory and the SF-36 Health Survey. This pioneering randomized controlled trial is the first to investigate optimal frequency-volume combinations (at identical total dosage) for improving muscle strength, physical function, and cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults with possible sarcopenia. The study addresses a critical gap in establishing evidence-based exercise parameters for early intervention of possible sarcopenia. This trial was prospectively registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on February 8, 2025 (registration number: ChiCTR2500096917).