Deep brain stimulation electrode implantation guidance and postoperative monitoring via microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging

Accurate electrode implantation and postoperative monitoring are essential for achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes in deep brain stimulation (DBS). Current techniques still struggle to meet key requirements such as real-time performance and metal compatibility when guiding DBS procedures and assessing postoperative complications. Here, we introduce microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging (MTAI) as a high-spatiotemporal resolution imaging technique. This technique simultaneously visualizes DBS electrodes and surrounding brain structures with submillimeter resolution and high contrast in a single scan. By leveraging the strong acoustic contrast between metallic electrodes and adjacent brain tissue, MTAI enables dynamic intraoperative electrode guidance and continuous postoperative assessment. In mouse models, MTAI tracked electrode implantation trajectories and tip locations in real time. Postoperatively, it detected electrode displacement and localized hemorrhage through spatial localization and signal amplitude changes. These results establish MTAI as a unified solution for DBS intraoperative guidance and longitudinal monitoring, offering significant advantages in temporal resolution, metallic compatibility, and safety. MTAI holds promise as a powerful tool for enhancing DBS surgical precision and improving clinical management.