Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and metallic elements in small pelagic fish from South Africa from a human consumption perspective

South Africa's largest fishery is focused on small pelagic fish (SPF), initially sardine, then anchovy, then round herring. This study assessed the nutritional profiles of these species to assess their suitability for direct human consumption and to identify key factors influencing their composition. The nutritional profile of SPF dorsal fillet varied by species and fishing area, but was independent of fish size or maturity within the ranges studied. A 100 g serving of raw dorsal fillet from all three species meets the daily recommended intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA+DHA), while also providing high levels of selenium, calcium, and zinc, nutrients often deficient in the South African diet. Round herring had the highest EPA+DHA content: at current catch levels, it alone could meet ~3 million people's yearly needs. Sardine had 1.5-fold more EPA+DHA in winter, particularly along the west coast. Anchovy contained twice the calcium of the others. Regarding safety, the levels of arsenic, cadmium, and lead were below safety thresholds for human consumption, suggesting a favorable risk–benefit balance. South African SPF could improve micronutrient intake of local populations but future research should assess their potential considering the whole fish, other nutrients and contaminants and cooking methods. • South Africa's SPF could provide daily serving of EPA+DHA for >6 million people for a year • A raw serving meets an adult’s daily EPA+DHA needs, plus selenium, calcium, and zinc • Round herring is richest in EPA+DHA; anchovy offer twice the calcium • Toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead) are below safety limits • Direct consumption could boost local micronutrient intake