A Single-Cell Perspective on Remapping Human Adult Neurogenesis and Its Clinical Implications

Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have substantially deepened our understanding of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), enabling the detection of neural stem cells, progenitors, and immature neurons in postmortem <i>human</i> brain tissue and revealing how these populations are altered in neurological disease. Additionally, scRNA-seq enables the identification of disease-specific cell subtypes and distinct gene expression signatures associated with neurological disorders, many of which are linked to alterations in AHN and cognitive function. Such cellular- and molecular-level insights into neurological disease mechanisms provide a strong foundation for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. Indeed, scRNA-seq has also emerged as a powerful tool in drug discovery and development across multiple disease areas, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological conditions. In this review, we offer a comprehensive and integrative perspective on the cellular and molecular landscape of <i>human</i> hippocampal neurogenesis, the pathological mechanisms underlying neurological disorders, and their implications for therapeutic development.