Rural-to-urban Migration of Maasai Youth in Tanzania: Causes, Extent and Impacts

The literature on migration documents two primary reasons for youth migration from Maasai communities of Tanzania to urban areas, both related to livelihood diversification: (a) education, as a means to improve the potential for wage employment; and (b) employment itself, often in situations where high levels of educational qualifications are not required. We question the extent to which these drivers capture the full range of youth migration experiences and whether additional social, cultural and environmental factors play a role in shaping migration decisions. This study investigates the patterns of migration and impacts in two geographically diverse study areas: Kilindi district, on the southern edges of the Maasai Steppe, and Enguserosambu ward, in the highlands along the border with Kenya. To better understand migration drivers and pull factors, we conducted a household survey combined with case study interviews of migrants and their parents along with community focus group discussions. Our results reveal a complex motivation for migration that may reflect a shift in terms of culture and societal values. The impacts of these patterns are highly varied, with some households experiencing increased economic stability and expanded social networks, while others facing challenges including labour shortages, weakened traditional support systems and shifts in cultural identity.