A Review of Nickel and Cobalt from Laterite Ores: Toward Sustainable Extraction Pathways for the Battery Industry

Abstract As the global transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy systems accelerates, nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) have emerged as critical metals essential for the development of advanced battery technologies. This review explores the extraction of Ni and Co from laterite ores, emphasising their growing importance amid the shift from traditional sulfide sources driven by the depletion of high-grade sulfide deposits. Special attention is given to the sustainability of various extraction methods, including hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes, focusing on both efficiency and environmental impact. This review evaluates the technical, environmental, and economic challenges associated with laterite ore processing and presents innovative strategies aimed at reducing carbon intensity, minimising waste, improving resource efficiency, and enhancing the supply chain. Innovative strategies that enhance metal recovery while aligning with the principles of green metallurgy and circular economy are presented. By bridging extraction science with the pressing demands of the EVs and energy storage sectors, this review highlights the pivotal role of laterite resources in shaping a low-carbon, sustainable, and secure energy future. Graphical Abstract