Spatial Ionic Engineering Enables Depth‐Independent Homogeneity and Strain Relaxation in Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

ABSTRACT Mixed‐halide perovskites are central to high‐efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), yet the spatial inhomogeneity of multiple halides remains an unresolved challenge that induces strain, defect formation, and interfacial recombination. Here, we uncovered the depth‐dependent distribution of halide ions within a triple‐halide perovskite, wherein the bromine content progressively increases with increasing depth, while chloride contents are preferentially enriched near both the top and bottom interfaces. To rectify such compositional gradients, we introduced methylammonium halides (MAX; X = I − , Br − , Cl − ) post‐treatments, with MABr identified as the most efficient agent for reestablishing halide compositional uniformity. Depth‐resolved analyses demonstrated that MABr treatment effectively homogenizes the halide distribution across the perovskite film, thereby alleviating lattice strain and promoting enhanced crystallographic order. The relaxation of lattice strain drives epitaxial‐like crystallization, producing films with reinforced (100) orientation, enlarged and fully merged grains. Moreover, the treatment‐induced n‐type surface enables an energetically favorable interface with C 60 , which promotes effective hole extraction. Such structural and interfacial refinement translate into a champion efficiency of 25.72% and superior operational stability, retaining over 96% of the initial efficiency after 700 h of continuous illumination. Overall, MABr‐mediated ionic homogenization provides a universal framework for composition‐strain coupling, enabling scalable and intrinsically stable multi‐halide perovskite photovoltaics.

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Publication Details

Journal
Advanced Functional Materials
Published
2026-02-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202530961
Primary Topic
Perovskite Materials and Applications
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Spatial Ionic Engineering Enables Depth‐Independent Homogeneity and Strain Relaxation in Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Junsu Kim, Jung Geon Son, Dongjin Lee, Yu Jin Shin et al.
Advanced Functional Materials
Perovskite Materials and Applications
article

Spatial Ionic Engineering Enables Depth‐Independent Homogeneity and Strain Relaxation in Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Junsu Kim, Jung Geon Son, Dongjin Lee, Yu Jin Shin, Jaehwi Lee, Dong Suk Kim, Sujung Park, Chang Hyeon Yoon, Minseong Kim, Min Jung Sung, Shinuk Cho, Jongdeuk Seo, Yun Seop Shin, Dongshin Kim
article en

Abstract

ABSTRACT Mixed‐halide perovskites are central to high‐efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), yet the spatial inhomogeneity of multiple halides remains an unresolved challenge that induces strain, defect formation, and interfacial recombination. Here, we uncovered the depth‐dependent distribution of halide ions within a triple‐halide perovskite, wherein the bromine content progressively increases with increasing depth, while chloride contents are preferentially enriched near both the top and bottom interfaces. To rectify such compositional gradients, we introduced methylammonium halides (MAX; X = I − , Br − , Cl − ) post‐treatments, with MABr identified as the most efficient agent for reestablishing halide compositional uniformity. Depth‐resolved analyses demonstrated that MABr treatment effectively homogenizes the halide distribution across the perovskite film, thereby alleviating lattice strain and promoting enhanced crystallographic order. The relaxation of lattice strain drives epitaxial‐like crystallization, producing films with reinforced (100) orientation, enlarged and fully merged grains. Moreover, the treatment‐induced n‐type surface enables an energetically favorable interface with C 60 , which promotes effective hole extraction. Such structural and interfacial refinement translate into a champion efficiency of 25.72% and superior operational stability, retaining over 96% of the initial efficiency after 700 h of continuous illumination. Overall, MABr‐mediated ionic homogenization provides a universal framework for composition‐strain coupling, enabling scalable and intrinsically stable multi‐halide perovskite photovoltaics.

Advanced Functional Materials
Ulsan College (KR), University of Ulsan (KR), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KR), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
National Research Foundation, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, National Research Foundation of Korea, Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea
Openalex Percentile: Top 48%
Perovskite Materials and Applications
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