Nurses’ perceptions of patient safety culture measured by the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture in the Gulf Cooperation Council region: A systematic review

Patient safety culture in the Gulf Cooperation Council hospitals shows strengths in teamwork and continuous improvement, but persistent weaknesses in staffing, error reporting, and care transitions. Aligned with national healthcare visions (e.g., Saudi Vision 2030 and Oman Vision 2040), evidence-based recommendations include implementing structured handoff processes, adopting nonpunitive and confidential approaches to promote nonpunitive error reporting, and strengthening workforce strategies to improve staffing adequacy and workload management. Additionally, it may be useful to develop instruments that are based on the sociocultural realities of these societies and not adapted from other countries' instruments.