Theta rhythm-based attention switch training can alleviate the difficulty in disengaging from negative stimuli

Attentional bias modification training is commonly employed to regulate attentional bias and alleviate symptoms of mental disorders, but its efficacy is constrained and inconsistent. To address this challenge, we introduced an attention switch training method grounded in the rhythmic theory of attention. A total of 135 university students with negative attentional bias were randomly assigned to one of four groups: with/without rhythm-based training × with/without probability-based training. Each participant completed a single training session and underwent the Self-Assessment of Valence Task and the Dot Probe Task (DPT) before and after training. The results indicated that theta rhythm training led to a greater reduction in negative attentional bias, mainly by enhancing the disengagement of attention from negative stimuli. Regression analysis revealed an inverse relationship between initial attentional scores and training effects, with the rhythm-based training showing the strongest correlation. Overall, the rhythm-based training offers a more effective framework for modifying attentional bias with a mechanism of attention shift based on the theta trough.