Association Between Serum Vitamin D3 Levels and Diabetic Macular Edema in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Case-Control Study
Vitamin D3 deficiency is associated with increased odds of DME. Interpretation should be cautious due to methodological limitations, including potential selection bias, unmeasured confounding, and lack of adjustment for diabetic retinopathy severity. Further research is required to explore further cause-effect relationship and effect of supplementation on the disease itself and response to treatment.
Authors
- MOHAMMED AL-BALAWI
- Mohammad Abu‐Ain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8959-8971)
- Raed Shatnawi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-1370)
- Motasem Al-Latayfeh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2107-8213)
- Ebraheem Albazee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-7769)
- Mohammad Alnifise (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7705-518X)
- Talal Alotaibi
Institutions
- Qassim University (SA)
- Hashemite University (JO)
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital (SA)
- Kuwait Institute for Medical Specialization (KW)
- The Farah Hospital (JO)
- Security Forces Hospital (SA)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity
- Published
- 2026-02-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s588850
- Primary Topic
- Vitamin D Research Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00