A half-mode CSIW leaky-wave antenna with horizontal beam-scanning and stable radiation

Conventional leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) typicallyscan their beams through the broadside direction, while designscapable of side-fire beam-scanning are significantly less common. This paper presents a wideband horizontal beam-scanningLWA with stable radiation characteristics, based on a halfmode corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (HMCSIW).The antenna’s leaky-wave radiation response is realized byadding square rings to the ground plane of the HMCSIW.Furthermore, the incorporation of circular rings on the antenna’sfront surface enhances the stability of the side-fire beam-scanningperformance. The proposed antenna achieves horizontal beamscanning over a frequency range of 13 to 22.5 GHz, correspondingto a 53.5% bandwidth. It exhibits a peak gain of 12.7 dBi witha maximum variation of 2.1 dBi, a beam-scanning range from -35° to 35°, and an average efficiency of approximately 90%. Theproposed antenna can be an intriguing choice for microwaveimaging applications, spectrum analysers, and next-generationradar systems.