Identity Formation and Language Policy. A Study of Ethnic Minorities in Soviet and Post-Soviet Georgia

This study investigates the formation of civic identity among ethnic minorities in multi-ethnic Georgia, emphasizing the critical role of language policy in the post-Soviet era. Drawing on theories of nationalism and identity, it explores shifts from ethnic to hybrid and civic identities, particularly among densely settled minority communities. The research highlights language proficiency as key to accessing state services and participating in political, economic, and cultural life—thereby facilitating civic integration. It examines four historical periods (Soviet era, post-Soviet transition, early 2000s, and the past decade), revealing how Soviet ethnolinguistic policies complicated integration. However, effective modern language policies, including bilingual education and state-supported programs, have promoted minority inclusion and strengthened civic attachment to Georgia. The findings suggest that civic identity has evolved significantly, with minorities increasingly viewing Georgia as their homeland. This shift, supported by non-assimilationist state policies and sustained educational reforms, underscores the importance of inclusive language planning in fostering state unity.