Which one is effective on pain associated with venipuncture and patient satisfaction? Six groups, randomised comparative trials

Background: Venous blood collection is a common nursing procedure that often causes pain and anxiety, lowering patient satisfaction. Effective, evidence-based non-pharmacological strategies are essential for pain control and quality care.Methods: This randomized controlled trial employed a six-arm comparative design with 216 adults allocated equally to six groups: control, cold application, hot application, chewing gum, Valsalva maneuver, and stress ball (n=36 each). Pain was assessed using the numerical rating scale and satisfaction with the visual analog scale. The study followed the CONSORT 2010 checklist.Results: Group differences in pain scores were statistically significant (F=6.888; p