Nature-inspired synthesis of Cu/Ag/Ru trimetallic nanoparticles using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis extract: Investigating their potential as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and photocatalytic agents

In this investigation, we sought to develop Cu/Ag/Ru trimetallic nanoparticles (TNPs) utilizing leaf extracts from the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis plant, known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties. We employed various techniques for the synthesis and characterization of the TNPs, which included UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM, EDAX, XRD, AFM, and TGA. The UV-visible spectra were obtained from 200 to 400 nm, while FT-IR spectroscopy helped confirm the interactions between the metals and the phytochemical compounds present in the plant. The nanoparticles' morphology exhibited differences between the Ag and Cu components, with the Ru nanoparticles showcasing a distinct hexagonal shape, ranging from 30 to 50 nm. This was supported by a combination of SEM, XRD, AFM, XPS, TEM, and DLS analyses. We determined the average size of the TNPs to be 45 nm, and XPS analysis confirmed the binding energy values. The antibacterial effectiveness of the TNPs was significant against multiple bacterial strains, and they also showed notable anticancer activity against MCF cells at a concentration of 680.05 ± 0.5 μg/mL, with the antioxidant activity measured using the DPPH assay (IC 50 =100μg/mL). Furthermore, the TNPs demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity against methylene blue in a photoreactor. • Biosynthesis ofCu/Ag/Ru Trimetallic nanoparticles: In this process, the phytosynthesizedtrimetallic nanoparticles are obtained by adding the precursor to the extract of Nyctanthesarbor-tristis. Further, these nanoparticles were identified by using different characterization techniques • Photocatalytic degradation: The photocatalytic degradation of Trimetallic nanoparticles against Methylene Blue dye at different time intervals, these nanoparticles exhibit unique photocatalytic activity. • Applications of Cu/Ag/Ru Trimetallic nanoparticles: The antibacterial activities were carried out using nanoparticles against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The nanoparticles show excellent anticancer activities against breast cancer cells at various concentrations. • Conclusion and future perspectives: These nanoparticles show excellent antibacterial and anticancer activities against bacterial strains and breast cancer cells respectively. Moreover, Polymetallic nanoparticles are reactive and more efficient than individual nanoparticles in drug delivery and semiconductor industry.