Influence of inflammatory and metabolic factors on keratoconus risk: a causal inference analysis

Our results confirm a higher risk of keratoconus in patients having any atopic disease (OR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.52-2.22), but also other chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (OR_IVW = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.04-1.18) and Crohn's Disease (OR_IVW = 1.08, 95%CI = 1.02-1.15). Also, higher glucose levels considerably reduced keratoconus risk (OR_IVW = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.33-0.72) CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, in addition to atopy, exposure to specific types of systemic inflammatory responses that develop into chronic conditions may increase keratoconus risk. These results will help clinicians to better evaluate the overall keratoconus risk, disease severity and potentially its progression. In conjunction with individual genetic risk profiles, the presence of exposure to atopic disease, high eosinophil counts and comorbidities could have an important predictive role.