Circulating Gremlin-1 Reflects Age-Associated Metabolic Changes in Women

Circulating Gremlin-1 primarily reflects chronological aging and associated endocrine-metabolic changes rather than menopausal status or adiposity per se. While unadjusted associations with metabolic biomarkers are detectable, these relationships are largely attributable to aging. Gremlin-1 may therefore serve as a marker of systemic aging-related endocrine-metabolic remodeling rather than a specific indicator of ovarian aging or adipose tissue dysfunction.