On k-Rainbow Total Domination and a Related Conjecture

Abstract A k -rainbow total dominating function of a graph G is a function $$f: V(G) \rightarrow 2^{[k]}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that for every vertex $$v \in V(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with $$f(v) = \emptyset $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>∅</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the union of the colors assigned to its neighbors equals [ k ], and if $$f(v) = \{i\}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , then v has a neighbor u with $$i \in f(u)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The minimum weight of such a function is called the k -rainbow total domination number of G and is denoted by $$\gamma _{k\textrm{rt}}(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>rt</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We contribute to the study of k -rainbow total domination by proving one conjecture and constructing a counterexample to another. First, we show that the problem of determining whether a graph admits a k -rainbow total dominating function of a given weight is NP-complete. In the second part, we derive an upper bound on the domination number of a graph G in terms of $$\gamma _{k\textrm{rt}}(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>rt</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the frequency of the least-used color in a k -rainbow total dominating function. This result not only provides an alternative and shorter proof of a known lower bound on $$\gamma _{k\textrm{rt}}(G)/\gamma (G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>rt</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , originally established by Ojakian et al. (2021), but also contributes to disproving their conjecture on the lower bound for $$\gamma _{k\textrm{rt}}(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>rt</mml:mtext>

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Journal
Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society
Published
2026-02-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40840-026-02060-2
Primary Topic
Advanced Graph Theory Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

On k-Rainbow Total Domination and a Related Conjecture

Aleksandra Tepeh, Rija Erveš, Tadeja Kraner Šumenjak
Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society
Advanced Graph Theory Research
article

On k-Rainbow Total Domination and a Related Conjecture

Aleksandra Tepeh, Rija Erveš, Tadeja Kraner Šumenjak
article en

Abstract

Abstract A k -rainbow total dominating function of a graph G is a function $$f: V(G) \rightarrow 2^{[k]}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that for every vertex $$v \in V(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with $$f(v) = \emptyset $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>∅</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the union of the colors assigned to its neighbors equals [ k ], and if $$f(v) = \{i\}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , then v has a neighbor u with $$i \in f(u)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The minimum weight of such a function is called the k -rainbow total domination number of G and is denoted by $$\gamma _{k\textrm{rt}}(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>rt</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We contribute to the study of k -rainbow total domination by proving one conjecture and constructing a counterexample to another. First, we show that the problem of determining whether a graph admits a k -rainbow total dominating function of a given weight is NP-complete. In the second part, we derive an upper bound on the domination number of a graph G in terms of $$\gamma _{k\textrm{rt}}(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>rt</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the frequency of the least-used color in a k -rainbow total dominating function. This result not only provides an alternative and shorter proof of a known lower bound on $$\gamma _{k\textrm{rt}}(G)/\gamma (G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>rt</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , originally established by Ojakian et al. (2021), but also contributes to disproving their conjecture on the lower bound for $$\gamma _{k\textrm{rt}}(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>rt</mml:mtext>

Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences SocietyVol. 49(2)
University of Maribor (SI), Institute of Mathematics (BY), Institute of Mathematics, Physics, and Mechanics (SI)
Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS
Openalex Percentile: Top 48%
Advanced Graph Theory Research
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