The effect of academic self-efficacy on academic achievement among university students: a moderated mediation model of achievement goal orientation and teacher’s transformational leadership

Specifically, the positive effect of academic self-efficacy on achievement goal orientation is stronger when students perceive a higher level of transformational leadership from their teachers. This research confirms that academic self-efficacy drives academic achievement through a goal-setting pathway. The findings suggest that higher education institutions can promote student academic development by enhancing the transformational leadership capabilities of teachers, which in turn boosts students' efficacy.