Embedding care in circular systems through co-design: Responsible medication return

Improper disposal of medications poses risks to environmental and public health, yet participation in pharmaceutical take-back programmes remains low. This study examines barriers and motivations for return behaviour through the lens of care theory, using Tronto’s four phases – attentiveness, responsibility, competence, and responsiveness. We used a mixed-methods approach: a survey, contextual interviews, and two workshops with end users, pharmacy workers, and designers. Findings informed the Caring Factors Return Inspiration Toolkit, which organises behavioural influences by care phase to guide ideation. Results show that low awareness and convenience gaps constrain attentiveness and responsibility; competence depends on clear instructions and privacy safeguards; and responsiveness is strengthened by feedback and proportionate incentives. The toolkit supports designers in creating care-informed product–service systems that embed cues, feedback, and social norms to foster responsible return behaviour. By translating ethical insights into actionable design levers, this study advances design for care and circular pharmaceutical practices.