Nationwide herd-level seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy herds in Türkiye based on bulk tank milk ELISA and identification of associated risk factors

This study provides the first nationwide herd-level assessment of <i>N. caninum</i> exposure in Turkish dairy farms using bulk-tank milk ELISA and demonstrates widespread infection associated with key management and environmental risk factors. These findings support the implementation of targeted control strategies focusing on improved biosecurity, water hygiene, and routine herd-level monitoring to reduce vertical transmission and long-term infection pressure.