Simplified modelling to support real-time control development of hybrid DC/AC microgrids

The paper presents a simplified modelling methodology for hybrid DC/AC microgrid systems, explicitly tailored for rapid real-time implementation and digital-twin compatibility. Using manufacturer-provided data, key microgrid components, including a photovoltaic (PV) system with dual-stage DC-to-DC converters, a biofuel-driven AC generator with AC-to-DC conversion, and a battery energy storage system integrated via DC-to-DC conversion, are modelled to stabilize and maintain the DC bus. A unified grid integration approach equipped with DC-to-AC conversion is introduced, effectively managing power flow through a grid-following scheme with phase-locked loop (PLL) for main-grid connection and a grid-forming scheme with droop control for local load support. Optimal LCL filter parameters are discussed and selected to enhance current and voltage waveform quality, minimize harmonic distortion, and improve grid stability. Comprehensive MATLAB/Simscape simulations validate the proposed model performances under various operational scenarios. Furthermore, preliminary results from a laboratory prototype demonstrate the practical feasibility and accuracy of the proposed model. The simplified modelling approach facilitates and enhances control development efficiency at primary, secondary, and tertiary microgrid control layers, offering a robust foundation for further optimization and digital twin integration in microgrid control systems.