Plant-derived nutritional components in thyroid disease-related neuropsychiatric disorders: mechanistic insights and advances

Plant-derived nutritional components represent a promising adjunctive strategy for addressing neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disorders. Although conventional hormone replacement normalizes biochemical parameters, many patients continue to experience neurocognitive impairment and affective symptoms, underscoring the complexity of thyroid-brain axis regulation. This review synthesizes recent advances on how plant-based nutritional approaches may modulate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter homeostasis, and blood-brain barrier integrity, and evaluates their emerging clinical applicability and existing evidence gaps. Overall, plant-based interventions may complement standard therapy and improve neuropsychiatric outcomes, though larger prospective studies are needed to clarify their efficacy and identify suitable patient subgroups.