Composition, typical data, and economic analysis of charging/swapping stations integrated with photovoltaic and energy storage system: a case study in Shanghai

The coordinated operation of charging/swapping stations integrated with photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems (ESS) can significantly optimize grid interaction to improve energy utilization efficiency. Using Shanghai Zhonghuan Dachang Ultra-fast Charging Station as a case study, this study analyses the station's typical operational data from the perspectives of system architecture, hardware configuration, and PV-ESS integration principles. This study discusses the impacts of PV generation output and ESS configuration on station performance. By comparing economic performance under four operational modes, the study evaluates how different configurations affect operational costs for both charging and battery swapping facilities. The results demonstrate that PV-ESS integration can effectively enhance energy self-sufficiency, reduce operational costs, and significantly improve system economics across various operational modes. This research provides theoretical and practical guidance for optimizing the design and operation of PV-ESS-integrated charging/swapping stations.