Unraveling the Function of lncRNAs in Gliomas: Interaction With Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Opportunities

Brain tumors represent some of the most formidable challenges in neuro-oncology due to their aggressive clinical course, resistance to therapy, and profound molecular heterogeneity. Among the emerging regulatory elements reshaping our understanding of tumor biology are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a diverse class of RNA transcripts that modulate gene expression and cellular behavior without encoding proteins. This review provides an in-depth and integrative examination of the biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms, and functional roles of lncRNAs in brain tumor development and progression. We systematically explore both canonical and non-canonical pathways of lncRNA biogenesis, detailing how these influence structural specificity and molecular interactions. This review synthesized evidence retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering publications from January 2010 to June 2025. This analysis highlights key gaps, such as context-dependent therapeutic effects that limit translational applicability. A major focus is placed on the interplay between lncRNAs and core oncogenic signaling pathways, including Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine kinase (AKT), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt)/β-catenin, and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β), which drive malignant transformation, invasion, stemness, and therapeutic resistance in gliomas. Furthermore, we dissect the molecular functions of lncRNAs as epigenetic regulators, competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), and structural scaffolds, and discuss their contribution to the dynamic tumor microenvironment. By synthesizing the latest findings, this review underscores the academic and translational importance of targeting lncRNA-associated networks. It also highlights emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, CRISPR-Cas systems, and natural lncRNA-modulating compounds, which collectively represent a promising frontier in precision medicine for brain tumors. This work offers a critical framework for future research and therapeutic innovation in the lncRNA landscape of neuro-oncology.