Chitosan-Loaded Inorganic Oxide Nanocomposites (SiO2, ZnO, CuO) for Effective Control of Postharvest Fungal Diseases and Maintaining Apple Fruit Quality

Phytopathogenic fungi pose a critical threat to global food security through substantial pre- and post-harvest crop losses, intensified by climate change and fungicide resistance. To address this, we synthesized low-concentration chitosan-inorganic oxide nanocomposites (CS-SiO₂, CS-ZnO, CS-CuO) via ionic gelation, a green and scalable method. Comprehensive characterization (DLS, UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM) confirmed nanocomposite formation, CS-SiO₂ exhibited uniform particle sizes (200-250 nm), while CS-CuO showed slightly larger particles, all with excellent dispersity. Zeta potential analysis confirmed strong colloidal stability, with pure chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) displaying a surface charge of +12.9 mV, while all nanocomposites retained positive charges, enhancing adhesion to negatively charged fungal membranes. In vitro antifungal assays against <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Colletotrichum graminicola</i>, and <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> demonstrated hierarchical efficacy: CS-CuO > CS-ZnO > CS-SiO₂, with CS-CuO achieving >80% growth inhibition against B. cinerea and A. alternata. SEM revealed severe hyphal damage and spore collapse in CS-CuO-treated fungi, attributed to synergistic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and chitosan-mediated membrane disruption. In vivo trials on B. cinerea-infected apples showed CS-CuO reduced lesion area by 81% and elevated host defense markers, including a 1.5-fold increase in total phenolic content and higher DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to controls. These nanocomposites, particularly CS-CuO, offer a sustainable, dual-action solution direct antifungal activity and enhanced host resilience while minimizing environmental impact. By integrating scalable synthesis, eco-compatibility, and efficacy, this work advances chitosan-inorganic oxide nanocomposites as viable alternatives to conventional fungicides, with immediate potential for agricultural and postharvest applications.