Optimisation of photovoltaic site layout in complex terrain considering ecological restoration costs

To promote the diversified development of photovoltaic power generation, it is necessary to utilise desert and coal mining subsidence areas to build wind and photovoltaic power generation bases, while accounting for the ecological restoration costs surrounding the bases. Given the complex terrain and climatic conditions of potential sites, the study proposes a comprehensive evaluation system to assess ecological restoration resistance, incorporating six key impact factors relevant to photovoltaic base construction. Based on this framework, an ecological restoration resistance cost model is constructed. Optimisation models for photovoltaic base layout are established with photovoltaic module costs and ecological restoration costs as optimisation objectives respectively. Using block classification data from a mountainous area, two different optimisation schemes are compared to evaluate their feasibility and economic viability.