Application of new types of surfactants for the development of an adjuvant containing squalene by ultrasonic production

Abstract Nowadays, the pandemic events have brought vaccines back into the focus of scientific research. The adjuvants are extremely important for the effectiveness of vaccines. Research and development based on the modernization of ingredients enables the development of more effective adjuvants with a better risk-benefit ratio. In our study, we aimed to develop squalene-containing nanoemulsion adjuvants using modern surfactants. The ultras method was used to develop a squalene-based adjuvant. The size and zeta potential of the created nanoemulsion adjuvant systems and their stabilities were investigated by DLS techniques. Both in vitro and in vivo harmlessness were demonstrated. The immunoglobulin production-promoting effect (IgG and IgE) was tested. Using the ultrasound size reduction process, the achieved size range was less than 200 nm. The size and zeta potential of the preparation remain stable for several months without significant changes. The developed adjuvant was not toxic in Galleria mellonella larvae and in the fibroblast cell line. The formulation achieved similar IgG and IgE production to Addavax, with IgG and IgE levels two orders of magnitude higher after 45 days compared to the OVA dosing alone. In summary, we have successfully developed a modern tenside-containing squalene adjuvant.