Optimized scheduling of multi-agent hierarchical game for integrated energy system considering power-heat-hydrogen demand response and V2G

In the context of carbon constraints, a multi-agent hierarchical game optimization approach for an integrated power-heat-hydrogen energy system is proposed to meet the demand between different loads and to reasonably allocate the interests among the various stakeholders in the system. This approach considers Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and a dual-incentive Integrated Demand Response (IDR) strategy. Firstly, to improve energy utilization, the specific energy supply and demand characteristics of hydrogen equipment are fully considered in the game model. A refined model of key equipment is proposed, and a multi-agent game framework is established, where the integrated energy system operator acts as the leader, with energy producers, storage service providers, and load aggregators designated as followers. Secondly, taking into account the carbon emissions of each stakeholder, the game interaction incorporates the charging and discharging characteristics of electric vehicles while introducing the IDR strategy based on dual incentives—price and carbon compensation. Finally, the model is solved using a hybrid dual-search optimization algorithm, combining the improved Tian-Niu whiskers method and positive-negative sine wave search, alongside the CPLEX solver. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly reduces system carbon emissions while maximizing the interests of all stakeholders, yielding notable low-carbon economic benefits.