Moderate densification and fertilization enhance water use efficiency in foxtail millet by optimizing water consumption partitioning

In conclusion, under the condition of chemical nitrogen fertilizer application, moderate densification (400,000 plants hm⁻²) optimizes the population structure and water consumption patterns, synergistically enhancing both crop yield and water use efficiency. This approach represents an effective agronomic practice for achieving high-yield and water-saving cultivation of foxtail millet in arid regions.