Exploring the adaptive response of root xylem vessel traits and yield resilience of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat, a major staple food for over half the global population, has its grain production influenced by numerous traits. Xylem vessel traits within the root system are crucial for water transport, resource uptake, and overall plant health. Despite their importance, these traits are underexplored. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of xylem vessel traits and their environmental interactions in bread wheat. Understanding them is vital for developing wheat crops that withstand unfavourable climatic conditions and ensure sustainable yields. This study employs GGE biplot analysis to assess the adaptability and stability of wheat genotypes regarding axial hydraulic conductance and yield across three environments. This study aims to: (i) identify the components of variance contributing to trait expression, (ii) evaluate the adaptability and stability of wheat genotypes using GGE biplots, (iii) identify genotypes responsive to specific environments, and (iv) determine genotypes with high mean performance and stability across all environments. Key findings reveal significant genetic variation, providing a foundation for targeted breeding. However, G×E variance significantly impacts axial hydraulic conductance and yield, suggesting indirect selection through component traits may be beneficial. Through GGE analysis G68, G124, and G97 showed high stability for axial hydraulic conductance, whereas G148 and G18 excelled in yield. Trait-wise plasticity classification revealed genotypes G135, G106, and G104 as highly plastic across CMXA, Kh, and yield, indicating adaptive flexibility for specific environments. In contrast, genotypes G10, G49, and G27 exhibited minimal trait fluctuation, suggesting broad environmental resilience. The identified genotypes demonstrated high mean performance and stability for root axial hydraulic conductance and yield, offering potential as parental lines for breeding wheat resilient to abiotic stresses such as drought and heat. The integration of xylem vessel traits with yield performance supports the development of cultivars that maintain productivity under water-limited and high-temperature conditions. GGE biplot analysis emphasized the value of indirect selection through component traits, while plasticity insights enabled identification of genotypes suited for both specific and broad adaptation. Coupled with environmental profiling, including soil moisture availability and temperature variability, these insights enable location-specific selection, supporting the development of resource-efficient wheat cultivars tailored to stress-prone environments.