Mapping sex-based multimorbidity networks in type 1 diabetes: a real-world study from Shanghai

We identified shared cardiometabolic comorbidities (hypertension and dyslipidemia) across diabetes types and sexes, and sex-specific multimorbidity co-occurrence signatures in T1DM. These findings support integrating blood pressure and lipid optimization with glycemic management, and underscore the need for sex-sensitive surveillance of subgroup-specific clusters, highlighting broader multisystem clustering in females and vascular-risk co-occurrence signals in males that may warrant intensified multifactorial atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention.