Understanding congestion in airport surface operations using 3D fundamental diagrams

• Developed a 3D fundamental diagram to analyse the efficiency of airport surface operations. • First causal modelling framework to understand how technology drives airport surface congestion. • Developed two novel metrics to characterize airport surface operational efficiency. • Validate approach using a unique day-to-day operation data of five airports. • Results are relevant in airport benchmarking, planning, and management. Operational delays that arise when demand on the airport surface approaches or exceeds its capacity adversely impact passengers, airports, and the environment. To design effective interventions to manage airport surface congestion, airport operators require a robust understanding of the technology that drives congestion on the airport surface, that is, how delays on the airport surface vary over capacity utilization of its bottlenecks. Theoretical models of congestion technology (CT) exist, however, they are defined for ideal conditions, for instance, by assuming demand being independent of airport surface congestion, thus failing to characterize the realized airport surface operations. The availability of highly granular data on day-to-day surface operations facilitates the development of practically relevant models of congestion that are reproducible under wide-ranging operational scenarios. Nevertheless, obtaining empirical estimates of the CT from observed data on airport operations is challenging due to statistical biases that emerge via the complex interactions between air traffic operations and control at airports and in the wider airspace. In this study, we propose a novel causal statistical approach to model airport surface congestion, represented via delay versus runway and ground capacity utilization relationships, henceforth Three-Dimensional Fundamental Diagrams (3D-FDs). The proposed approach allows us to capture inherent non-linearities in the relationship while addressing the aforementioned confounding biases. Accordingly, we model the 3D-FDs of five major global airports and deliver key new insights into their surface-use efficiency, for instance, by locating their optimum operating point, that is, the point beyond which delays increase at an increasing rate with the intensity of use.