Absence of Sex Difference in Digit Ratio ( <scp>2D</scp> : <scp>4D</scp> ) Among the Elite Sportspersons: Further Evidence Among the Polish Swimmers
The swimmers had lower 2D:4D than non-sporting individuals; the top level swimmers had the lowest 2D:4D. The female swimmers, particularly the elite group, showed "masculine" 2D:4D similar to their male counterparts. A plausible positive selection for a masculinised digit ratio (higher prenatal testosterone exposure) among the females in highly competitive professional sports was hypothesized.
Authors
- Marek Kociuba (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9553-2242)
- Marek Rejman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3857-6999)
- Zofia Ignasiak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8656-9107)
- Raja Chakraborty (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-9471)
- Slawomir Kozieł
Institutions
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology (PL)
- Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University (IN)
- Military University (RU)
- Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences (PL)
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy (PL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- American Journal of Human Biology
- Published
- 2026-02-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70220
- Primary Topic
- Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00