Contrasts of liveability and vulnerability analysed spatially and non-spatially in a historical Chinese context

Contrasts of liveability and vulnerability remain underexplored in literature; this research aims to understand them through relational spatial and social patterns in a historical Chinese context. Spatial analyses of the built environment, transport, and green spaces were conducted using ArcGIS. Perceptions and mental maps from city centre residents and peripheral youth respondents were collected through survey questionnaires ( n = 184 and n = 312, respectively), analysed statistically and thematically. Spatial maps revealed vulnerabilities related to high building density, fragmentation, and limited green space, confirmed by survey questionnaires to exacerbate sanitation and heat stress issues, besides some concerns on income security and displacement risks. Good access to services and facilities enhances liveability. Both respondent groups shared a strong sense of pride in heritage and cultural features. Strong social capital and friendliness derived from residents' activities, interactions, and the community support networks uplifted the most vulnerable. Residents who relied most on each other were from the lowest income groups, while familiarity with neighbours increased with age. These social qualities are invaluable yet at risk. Liveability and vulnerability are not mutually exclusive but coexist, influenced by a complex intertwining of factors. This study offers future directions for capturing the vulnerability-liveability interplay at the community level. • Contrasts of liveability and vulnerability are currently underexplored in the literature • Relational spatial and social patterns of the two concepts are examined in a Chinese historical centre • Despite structural vulnerability risks, socio-cultural strengths uplift the most vulnerable • Lived experiences and social qualities are valuable, but intangible and at risk • Vulnerability and liveability are not mutually exclusive, they coexist