Occupancy‐Based <scp>HVAC</scp> Control. Mathematical and Simulation Based Approach

ABSTRACT This paper presents an occupancy‐based HVAC control model that dynamically regulates temperature, humidity, and ventilation using real‐time ultrasonic sensor data. Unlike conventional fixed‐flow systems, the proposed model adjusts airflow and heating demand based on occupant presence, optimizing both energy efficiency and indoor comfort. A mathematical framework was developed, and MATLAB simulations were conducted to analyze temperature response, humidity regulation, ventilation dynamics, and heat load variations. The results show that the adaptive system stabilizes climate conditions faster, reduces unnecessary energy consumption, and improves air quality compared to traditional HVAC models. This occupancy‐based HVAC approach aligns with the Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), by promoting energy‐efficient building management and healthier indoor environments.