Innovative methods of early cancer diagnosis: from genetic screening to liquid biopsy

Objective: This study aims to explore the advantages and disadvantages of both traditional and innovative methods of cancer diagnosis.The study includes an overview of the concept of cancer, its types, and its root causes.Methods: Classical methods of cancer diagnosis like radiography, puncture biopsy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, positron emission tomography, mammography, blood tests for cancer markers, endoscopy, and fibrobronchoscopy are examined for their pros and cons.The paper also examines innovative methods for diagnosing cancer pathology, like liquid biopsy, next-generation sequencing, microRNA analysis, exosome analysis, genetic screening based on electrochemical detection of circulating tumor cells, and genetic screening using circulating free DNA. Results:The study reveals that conventional methods are invasive and risky, while modern technologies detect molecular markers safely to detect cancer early.Liquid biopsy is helpful at monitoring tumor disease progression without surgery.Next-generation sequencing can find rare genetic mutations, which aids tailored treatment.MicroRNA and exosome analysis provides molecular markers of tumor aggressiveness and responsiveness to treatment. Conclusion:The main limitation of the latest methods is their high costs and the need for specialized equipment and trained specialists, which reduces the availability of such technologies.