Markers of Glycemic Status: An Update

The accurate assessment and management of glycemic status is the cornerstone in the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus and its complications.A diverse array of biochemical markers is available to clinicians, offering insights into various aspects of an individual's glycemic status, from instant blood glucose concentrations to long-term glycemic history.This article provides a comprehensive review of established (plasma glucose levels and HbA1c) and emerging markers of glycemic status such as fructosamine, glycated albumin, 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG); diving into their physiological aspects, clinical applications, advantages, and inherent limitations.In addition, we also discuss recent advances in direct glucose measurements i.e. continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS).