Immune regulation and cellular crosstalk drive non-fibrotic lung remodeling in pre-metamorphic frogs exposed to paraquat

These findings reveal a non-fibrotic, immune-driven remodeling program in amphibian tadpole lungs under acute chemical stress, highlighting the plasticity of the respiratory system at early developmental stages. We emphasize that these conclusions are specific to tadpole stages and short-term exposures, and further studies are needed to assess long-term or post-metamorphic outcomes. This work provides a framework for using amphibians as tractable models to study acute injury responses, resilience, and developmental plasticity in vertebrate lungs.