Advances in the management of osteopenia: a case series

Despite the preliminary nature of the obtained data, combined supplementation exerted positive effects on bone metabolism by influencing serum levels of both vitamin D and osteocalcin, thus suggesting enhanced bone formation. Biochemical improvements support the potential of D-chiro-inositol and α-lactalbumin, in addition to traditional supplements, as a therapeutic strategy for managing osteopenia, even though further clinical studies are needed to clarify the effects and related molecular mechanisms.