Current knowledge and implementation of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) strategies among elite sports practitioners in Europe: A cross-sectional survey study

An acute improvement in muscle function after high-intensity exercise is known as post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE). PAPE encompasses extensive mechanisms such as increased neuromuscular activation and elevated muscle temperature. These adaptations have attracted growing interest and are thought to facilitate explosive athletic performance. This cross-sectional survey investigated the knowledge and practices of elite European sports practitioners regarding PAPE. A total of 66 professionals from 8 sport disciplines and 24 countries completed an online questionnaire. The survey included demographic questions and sections tailored to PAPE users and non-users. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results showed that 82% of participants were familiar with PAPE, but only 57% of those knowledgeable reported applying it in practice. Users typically prescribed 1–4 sets of 3–8 repetitions of resistance, plyometric, Olympic, or isometric exercises, with rest intervals ranging from 2–8 min. Reported challenges included athletes’ limited awareness of PAPE, variability in optimal rest periods, and logistical constraints before competition. Among non-users, skepticism about effectiveness, difficulty applying PAPE to groups, and convincing athletes were the most cited barriers. Nonetheless, both groups emphasized the need for further research on long-term adaptations, sex-specific responses, hormonal influences, and team-based applications. In conclusion, PAPE is widely recognized among elite practitioners, yet its implementation remains inconsistent. Bridging the gap between scientific knowledge and practice will require clearer guidelines, targeted education, and applied research to optimize its integration into performance programs.