Examining Container Terminal Efficiency with Diverse Data Sources: Vessel, Truck, and Container Turnaround Times in Japanese Terminals

Background: Improving container terminal efficiency requires a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between vessel, truck, and container operations, yet existing studies often analyzed these components separately. In Japanese container terminals, where digitalization initiatives are progressing, empirical evidence based on integrated operational data remains limited. Methods: This study empirically analyzes turnaround times for vessels, trucks, and containers at five major Japanese container terminals using a composite dataset that integrates terminal operating system data, automatic identification system data, and liner service information. Descriptive statistical analyses and regression models are applied to examine vessel berthing time, truck arrival patterns and turnaround time, container dwell time within terminals, and container round-trip time outside terminals. Results: The analysis reveals distinct temporal patterns in terminal operations, including systematic morning–afternoon asymmetries and differences across cargo flows. Truck turnaround times increase with vessel calls and vary by time of day, while container dwell times are strongly influenced by terminal policies such as free-time rules. Regression analyses indicate that turnaround times are primarily affected by terminal-controlled factors. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the importance of synchronizing quayside and landside operations. The study contributes integrated empirical evidence to the port digitalization literature and provides actionable insights for enhancing container terminal efficiency.