Pineapple peel cellulose based eco-friendly fertilizer nanocomposites for improved nutrient delivery

Food security is increasingly challenged by rapid population growth and limited arable land. Fertilizers are essential for boosting yields, yet conventional types often cause nutrient losses and environmental pollution. This study developed a bio-based controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) nanocomposite integrating cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) extracted from pineapple peel, biofertilizers, and biodegradable polymers to enhance nutrient efficiency and sustainability. CNFs were produced with a yield of 40.86% via microwave-assisted extraction and 33.21% via high-speed blending, with the former showing superior structural and physicochemical properties. The optimized CNF was incorporated into six CRF formulations (Control, F1-F5) containing 0-35% CNF. Among them, formulation F1 demonstrated optimal biodegradability, water retention, and nutrient release performance. Agronomic evaluation under both land and vertical farming systems confirmed that F1 markedly improved plant height (6.7-182.4 cm), leaf area (16-530 cm²), SPAD index (26-54), root-to-shoot ratio (0.30-0.57), and yield (0-220 g). Overall, the developed CNF-based CRF nanocomposite offers a sustainable and scalable approach to improving soil fertility and crop productivity. This innovation advances biofertilizer technology aligned with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) while promoting responsible production and environmental sustainability (SDGs 3, 11, and 12).