U-Net Based Forecasting of Storm-Time Total Electron Content over North Africa Using Assimilation of GNSS Observation into Global Ionospheric Maps

This study presents U-Net deep learning of total electron content (TEC) obtained from Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs) to forecast ionospheric TEC over the African 0–40° N latitude sector during geomagnetic storms which have occurred between 2011 and 2024. Before being utilized in the deep learning procedure, the GIM-TEC data were improved by assimilating ground-based vertical TEC (VTEC) observations from available Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver stations. The U-Net one-hour-ahead prediction of TEC was examined during the intense geomagnetic storm of May 2024. Additionally, the model’s accuracy and reliability were evaluated through quantitative comparison with established climatological models, including IRI-2020 and AfriTEC storm time models. The results indicate that the integration of data assimilation with the deep learning framework yields TEC estimates that closely agree with observations, achieving a RMSE of approximately 5 TECU. On the other hand, the IRI-2020 model exhibits substantially larger errors, with RMSE ~10–17 TECU, while the AfriTEC model shows the poorest performance, with RMSE reaching approximately 15–22 TECU. Further, the U-Net was validated using two equatorial and mid-latitude GNSS stations whose data were excluded from the assimilation process, achieving RMSE values of 4.44 and 6.75 TECU and correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.97, confirming the model forecasting capability for reproducing ionospheric TEC variability. These results establish the model as a precise, robust tool for TEC prediction in regions with sparse GPS coverage that is crucial for ionospheric monitoring and space weather applications.